OPT vs CPT: Understanding Work Authorization for International Students

When international students come to study in the United States, one of their primary goals is to gain hands-on experience in their field of study. This is where work authorization programs such as Optional Practical Training (OPT) and Curricular Practical Training (CPT) come into play. Both OPT and CPT are valuable opportunities for international students, but understanding the differences between the two can be confusing. This article will break down these two programs and help you understand how they work for international students, so you can make the most of your time in the U.S.

What is OPT (Optional Practical Training)?

OPT is a program that allows international students to work in the U.S. after completing their academic program. It is available to students with F-1 visas, and it enables them to gain practical experience in their field of study. OPT is generally granted for up to 12 months, and the work done must be directly related to the student's major.

There are two main types of OPT:

1. Pre-Completion OPT: This option allows international students to work before completing their degree. However, it’s important to note that this time is deducted from the total 12 months of OPT. For example, if you work for six months before graduation, you will have only six months remaining to work after graduation.

2. Post-Completion OPT: This is the more common option and allows international students to work after they have completed their degree. The 12-month period begins after graduation, and students are allowed to work full-time.

One of the significant advantages of OPT is the ability to extend it. Students who have completed a degree in certain STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields may be eligible for a 24-month extension, bringing the total duration of OPT to 36 months.

What is CPT (Curricular Practical Training)?

CPT is another work authorization program available to international students on F-1 visas. Unlike OPT, CPT allows students to gain practical experience while they are still studying. CPT must be an integral part of the student’s curriculum, which means the work experience should be directly related to their major and required for graduation.

CPT can be part-time or full-time:

• Part-time CPT: This is for students who are enrolled in a full-time academic program and can work up to 20 hours per week during the school year.

• Full-time CPT: This is for students who want to work more than 20 hours per week during the summer or when they have fewer academic commitments.

A significant difference between CPT and OPT is that CPT is typically used while students are still pursuing their studies, and the work is often part of an academic course, internship, or practicum. This makes CPT more integrated into the academic curriculum compared to OPT, which usually happens after graduation.

Key Differences Between OPT and CPT

Although both OPT and CPT allow international students to work in the U.S., they have several key differences that can affect a student's decision on which program to pursue.

Key Differences	OPT (Optional Practical Training)	CPT (Curricular Practical Training)
Eligibility	Available to all F-1 international students who have completed at least one full academic year of study.	Available only if the work is a required part of the student’s academic program.
Timing	Can be pursued either before or after graduation, with post-graduation OPT being the most common.	Must be pursued during a student’s academic program, and the work must be related to their course of study.
Duration	Up to 12 months of work (with an additional 24-month extension for STEM graduates).	Generally limited to the length of the academic program or the period required by the course.
Work Hours	Can be full-time or part-time before graduation but is full-time after graduation.	Part-time (20 hours/week) during the school year or full-time during breaks or summer.
Work Authorization	Requires application to the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), which can take several months.	Authorized directly by the Designated School Official (DSO) at the student’s university, no USCIS approval is required.
Impact on Future Immigration Status	Can impact future immigration benefits. Working more than 12 months on OPT (or 36 months for STEM) may affect eligibility for certain visas or work authorization.	When used for less than 12 months full-time, it does not impact future immigration benefits. Over 12 months of full-time CPT may make students ineligible for OPT.

Which is Right for You?

Choosing between OPT and CPT depends on your academic program, career goals, and timing. If you are interested in gaining work experience after graduation and in your field of study, OPT may be the better choice. However, if you want to work while still studying and if your program offers internships or co-op opportunities that align with your academic curriculum, CPT could be a great option.

Remember, it’s essential to consult with your Designated School Official (DSO) and ensure that you understand all the requirements and regulations before applying for either OPT or CPT. Also, make sure to maintain your F-1 status while working, and adhere to all the guidelines set by your university and the U.S. government.

Final Thoughts

Understanding the distinctions between OPT and CPT is crucial for international students planning to work in the U.S. Both programs offer valuable opportunities for gaining practical experience in your field of study, but it’s important to carefully consider the eligibility, timing, and duration of each option. If you need help navigating your options or need assistance with the application process, ImmiTalks is here to guide you through every step of the way. Let us help you make the most of your student experience in the United States!

Whether you're preparing for OPT or looking to explore CPT options, ImmiTalks can provide personalized advice to ensure that you are on track to achieve your career goals while maintaining your student status.